托福阅读材料：大学生求职前需要准备什么

　　对于美国大学生来说，大学不是只有图书馆、学分和GPA，即使成绩很好也不见得就为工作做好了准备。在美国的大学，课外活动常常和功课一样重要。一起来看看美国大学生为求职会做什么准备工作呢?

　　1.Get out of the library. You can have a degree and a huge GPA and not be ready for the workplace. A student should plan that college is four years of experience rather than 120 credits," says William Coplin, professor at Syracuse University and author of the book, 10 Things Employers Want You to Learn in College."

　　第一，走出图书馆。就算有了学位和很高的GPA你也不见得就为工作做好了准备。大学是四年人生经验，不是高学分。在美国的大学，课外活动常常和功课一样重要。

　　2. Start a business in your dorm room. It's cheap, Google and Yahoo are dying to buy your website, and it's better than washing dishes in the cafeteria. Note to those who play poker online until 4 a.m.: Gambling isn't a business. It's an addiction.

　　第二，从宿舍开始做生意。这很便宜，雅虎、都会争先恐后地买你弄出来的网站，这比餐馆里洗盘子好多了。至于那些通宵在线玩扑克的人，记住赌博不是生意，赌博是瘾。

　　3. Don't take on debt that is too limiting. This is not a reference to online gambling, although it could be. This is about choosing a state school over a pricey private school. Almost everyone agrees you can get a great education at an inexpensive school. So in many cases the debt from a private school is more career-limiting than the lack of brand name on your diploma.

　　第三，别债务缠身。这和在线赌博关系不大，虽然可能有关系。这是关于应该选择一所州立大学而不是昂贵的私立学校的问题。几乎所有人都同意在不那么贵的学校里也能得到良好的教育。所以从个人前途上看，无债一身轻比花钱买个名牌要有利得多。

　　4. Get involved on campus. When it comes to career success, emotional intelligence -- social skills to read and lead others -- get you farther than knowledge or job competence, according to Tiziana Casciaro, professor at Harvard Business School. Julie Albert, a junior at Brandeis University, is the director of her a capella group and head of orientation this year. She hones her leadership skills outside the classroom, which is exactly where to do it.

　　第四，积极参加校园的活动。通过这种活动，可以学会怎么理解、帮助别人，满足别人的需要和别人沟通。这在美国文化中，是所谓"领袖素质"的基础。找工作时会被别人另眼相看。千万不要认为自己的生活只有校园而已。

　　5. Avoid grad school in the liberal arts. One in five English Phd's find stable university jobs, and the degree won't help outside the university: "Schooling only gives you the capacity to stand behind a cash register," says Thomas Benton, a columnist at the Chronicle of Higher Education (who has an English degree from Yale and a tenure-track teaching job.)

　　第五，不要读文科博士，五分之一的英语(课程)博士能找到大学里的稳定的工作，如果走出校门，学位没什么用处。除非你离了学术不能活。读博士对实际工作毫无帮助。

　　6. Skip the law-school track. Lawyers are the most depressed of all professionals. Stress itself does not make a job bad, says Alan Kreuger, economist at Princeton University. Not having control over one's work does make a bad job, though, and lawyers are always acting on behalf of someone else. Suicide is among the leading causes of premature death among lawyers.

　　第六，别上法学院。律师是所有职业中最压抑的。律师总是代表别人去争利，压力奇大。自杀是律师中第一号非正常死亡的原因。

　　7. Play a sport. People who play sports earn more money than couch potatoes, and women executives who played sports attribute much of their career success to their athletic experience, says Jennifer Cripsen of Sweet Briar College in Virginia. You don't need to be great at sports, you just need to be part of a team.

　　第七，参加体育运动。调查表明，大学从事体育的人，毕业后比那些不沾体育的同学明显收入高。美国人从事体育不仅是锻炼身体，而且是培养竞争的才能和领袖素质。一个大*动队的队长到华尔街找工作，优势不可限量。

　　8. Separate your expectations from those of your parents. "Otherwise you wake up and realize you're not living your own life," says Alexandra Robbins, author of the popular new book "The Overachievers." (Note to parents: If you cringe as you read this list, then you need to read this book.)

　　第八，别按着父母的期待生活，"否则你醒来后会发现你过的不是自己的日子。"

　　9. Try new things that you're not good at. "Ditch the superstar mentality that if you don't reach the top, president, A+, editor in chief, then the efforts were worthless. It's important to learn to enjoy things without getting recognition," says Robbins.

　　第九，干一些你并不擅长的新事物。你对自己未必了解，这是苏格拉底给人类的教诲。所以，请给自己一个机会。

　　10. Define success for yourself. "Society defines success very narrowly. Rather than defining success as financial gain or accolades, define it in terms of individual interests and personal happiness," says Robbins.

　　第十，以自己为中心来定义成功，别以外在的东西(比如金钱)来定义成功。

　　11. Make your job search a priority. Jobs do not fall in your lap, you have to chase them. Especially a good one. It's a job to look for a job. Use spreadsheets to track your progress. And plan early. Goldman Sachs, for example, starts its information sessions in September.

　　托福阅读中完全可以不要熟悉原文，只要你会分析主谓宾，就可以选出。但是在托福阅读中这种方法只针对结构为总分结构的文章才有效(占50%的考题)，需要特别注意。托福阅读中首先大家得知道这题主要考察的是文章的MAIN IDEA和文字的SUB IDEA，对文章的TOPIC没有一点解题关系。

　　解题步骤：

　　托福阅读第1步：区分TOPIC/MI(黑体句)

　　TOPIC：概念/研究对象。(可从文章的题目看出)

　　MI：作者对TOPIC的看法/结论/发现/关系/描述/意图。(仅对TOPIC做解释的选项通常是错的)

　　托福阅读第2步：回原文定位MI.

　　MI：前三段的段首或者段末出现。

　　具有以下特点：a,转折句。(HOWEVER,BUT等) b，设问句。(自问自答) c，首段末句—》结论，科学发现。 d，因果句。 e,明显分类描述/明显数量概述/复数名词。

　　托福阅读第3步：各段的首句/各段的开始部分—sub idea。

　　4.筛选答案。(技巧)

　　1).MI/SI的统一改写。(概括性语言)

　　2).对MI的支持。支持：重现MI的完整关系，概念对应展开!

　　3)分清主谓宾!重点!!!

　　把给出的黑体字句子的主谓宾列出来~简单的列为xx(主语)+xx(谓语)+xx(宾语)。

　　则可以把所有的MI句子写成一个数学的函数表示公式：

　　MI: F(x)=A(x[主语])+B(x[谓语])+C(x[宾语])

　　则那么所有的SI为MI公式的一个根：

　　SI:F(1)=A(1[主语的分支])+B(1[谓语动词不变或者为同义词])+C(1[宾语不变])。

　　则那么下面给出的6个选项只要按照SI的公式对应比较就能知道是否为正确答案，无需知道文章说了什么，只要分析选项的主谓宾是否是对MI的一个分支的扩展，并且造成的结果一样就能选出正确的答案了。

　　例子：

　　OG第一篇阅读：THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS的13-14题。

　　这道题的MI黑体字句子是：this passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales,porpises,and dolphins.

　　分析主谓宾可以知道：fossil(主语)+help to explain(谓语)+origins of cetaceans(宾)

　　然后看答案。

　　1.recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mamals and cetaceans.

　　很容易的划出主干： fossils(主语的分支) +helped to show(谓语动词理解一样) +the link(宾语一致)

　　所以1正确。

　　2.the discovery of Axxxx provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

　　划出主干：Axxx(化石，又是MI主语的分支)+ provided evidence (谓语动词理解一样)+宾语

　　所以2也正确。

　　5.fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。

　　主干：fossils(MI主语的分支)+were found(因为找到所以提供的证据，帮助理解，和MI谓语动词理解一样)

　　所以5也正确。

　　在托福阅读当中，对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是考试时间不足，因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题，所以在考前找到一个适合自己的托福阅读方法是至关重要的。