新东方在线:托福阅读法总结

　　下面来讲讲我的阅读方法和分析思路：

　　一、  阅读步骤：

　　我把它总结成几个短句：

　　１．１０秒预览. 花很短的时间预览文章全部。预览什么？

　　（１）特征词，人名，地名，大写字母，acronym(考考你什么意思)，特殊的斜体字还由数字。目的是看出本文的性质，是人文科学？还是自然科学，是人物介绍，还是新事物说明，还是新发现的介绍，还是讲历史或者考古学等等。

　　（２）１＋１＋１。就是文章的每段首末句，文章的最后一句。目的就是理解文章的主题。要注意这个时间加起来（肯定没有１０秒那么短）大概就是１分钟，所以以后改叫６０秒预览．现在你有了大致的主题在脑海中，好了，现在进行第二步.

　　２．  详略得当的细读原文。Peter反对所谓的快速阅读，我认为文章应该全部读过去，只是在以下几个地方可以加速阅读

　　（１）类比的地方：把什么比做什么，重点看被比做的对象，原来的对象略读（我说的略读意思是理解但不分析）

　　（２）列举的地方：看一至两个列举项就可以，了解其特征即可，其他部分一扫而过。

　　（３）举例的地方：如果看懂了作者的观点，举例可以略读，但是没看懂观点，必须细读例子。

　　（４）人名地名：用词首大写字母代替，能区分张三李四，烟台西安就可以。

　　（５）同位语：地位并列，看懂一个就可以（当然在对比型的文章中就都要看，这里就体现出了刚才１０秒预览的作用，在对文章性质的理解基础上，可以很好的取舍，决定对文章阅读的详略）

　　３．  ５秒回想

　　在读完每一段的时候，千万不要直接进入下一段，这时候不要看文章，试着在头脑里回想刚才读过的那段在讲什么，再次归纳段主题，并和刚才3+1+1过程中得到的文章主题比较，做出修正。其实这样做是很有道理的，你一定看过老杨的１７天，它说短期的记忆周期是５分钟，所以我们的５秒回想其实就是复习，加深了记忆。许多人觉得他们阅读读完了对文章印象一片空白，就是因为没有及时复习。

　　４．   完成上面的步骤，我们就算读完了文章，最后在脑海里把你对文章的认识做一点修改，形成你通过刚才阅读得到的知识体系，下面就是用来做题了。

　　二、   题目类型：

　　１．    主题题：

　　考文章主题找全文中心句为依据，考段主题找段中心句为依据。界定范围之后首先排除越界的选项（与全文无关，或者与本段无关的，或者其他段里偷换来的，记住在TOEFL阅读里边，它山之石，不可攻本山之玉）之后对剩余选项的范围进行分析，不符合题干范围的全部排除（范围过小的，范围过宽的）然后排除绝对选项，all, almost, only, most , must 看到就要怀疑是否绝对化了。把这些都排除完了，估计答案就出来了，最后把答案和你刚才自己得到的主题对应一下，检查是否正确就可以。

　　２．    猜词秀（这种题可以说是TOEFL阅读的招牌了）

　　给大家一个口诀：抛开词汇本身，前后各看一句，注意对应关系，分析感情色彩，主动被动区分，选词代入验证。上面的几句差不多就可以概括做猜词题的全部要点了，其实说是猜词，其实很不恰当，因为我们猜的实际上是某一个词在一个句群中所起的修饰，限制，补充作用，所以我们一定要从句群来分析词。所以，遇到一个猜词题，首先确定这个词所处的句群，可能是３，５句，有时候甚至是整个段。然后我们把主考词所在的那一句孤立出来，看它和前后句子的关系。下面我具体说说句子之间的关系。

　　托福的阅读，甚至是所有的英文阅读，都遵循着一个从主题到细节，从抽象到具体的说理原则，就是不管是文章框架，还是段落框架，都是先罗列主题，再分述，分述的时候也是先列举观点，再阐释细节，必要的时候举例说明。Peter通过分析历年的考试题，发现猜词题的句子一般不是主题句，那么只是细节句或者是分述句．那么我们就抛开主题与细节之间的关系，但来看细节句之间的关系．其实细节句之间的关系只有两种，同义关系或者是反义关系，同义关系就是：递进，并列，解说，举例，扩展，这些关系实际上前后句说的是一个意思，所以前句的信息可以直接用来为猜词服务．而反义关系就是：转折，让步，否定，反例．那么只要把前句关系取反，就可以为猜词服务．好了吧，到这里我??助的分析办法，如果猜词的本身你认识，那么也可以作为你猜词的信息，但是一定要注意，你所知道的意思只是辅助信息，不是主要信息，因为它不具有文章的特性，放到特殊的文章里边就可能和原义有了差别．在分析选项的时候，四个词一定要代入原来的句群，看它是否真的和原意群完全吻合，包括动宾搭配，动状搭配，介词搭配，和定语与中心语的搭配．

　　３．     指代题可以完全按照猜词题的办法来做．

　　４．     细节题：办法就是找，找到了就成功了一半，这种题关键是一定要把对细节的把握建立在对全文和全局的把握上．

　　５．     Except和True or False的题型．其实还是搜索，只不过可能有人会觉得找不到，Peter的办法是拿题干核心词和四个选项结合，搜索选项，这样至多三次就可以选出答案．

　　Questions 40-50   

　　The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors and beneficiaries of projects that place art in public places. （主题！）They have shown exceptional imagination in applying the diverse forms of contemporary art to a wide variety of purposes. The  activities observed in a number of “pioneer” cities sponsoring art in public places-a roadening exploration of public sites, an increasing awareness among both sponsors and the public of the varieties of contemporary artistic practice, and a growing public enthusiasm-are increasingly characteristic of cities across the country. （关注和热情加大）With many cities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging  for the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings,  plazas, parks, and　transportation facilities.(新的趋势) The result of these activities is a group of artworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and  goals of the sponsoring communities. In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoonlike Mermaid in Miami Beach by Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by Alan Sonfist.(各种的公共艺术) The use of murals followed quickly upon the use of sculpture and has brought to public sites the  work of artists as different as the realist Thomas Hart Benton and the Pop artist Robert Rauschenberg. The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created  a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities. And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the  commitment to revitalize urban areas.（art的作用和象征意义）By continuing to sponsor projects involving a growing body of art in public places,  cities will certainly enlarge the situations in which the public encounters and grows familiar with the various forms of contemporary art.（熟悉现代艺术） Indeed, cities are providing artists with an opportunity to communicate with a new and broader audience. Artists are  recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions. They are working in new, often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale.（给艺术家代来新的艺术交流形式）

　　现在我拿本文来展示我的Peter阅读法：

　　１．６０秒预览：看到了The cities in the United States（大写字母，地名）New York City（城市）

　　a monument to Martin Luther King（名人）差不多了，Peter确定了是人文科学的文章，又和米国有关，涉及到了一些名人，这就是文章的属性．

　　２．1+1+1：The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors and beneficiaries     of projects that place art in public places. ＋The result of these activities is a group of artworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and  goals of the sponsoring communities. ＋In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoonlike Mermaid in Miami Beach by　Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by Alan Sonfist.＋And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the  commitment to revitalize urban areas.＋By continuing to sponsor projects involving a growing body of art in public places, cities will certainly enlarge the situations in which the public encounters and grows ＋They are working in new, often more durable　media, and on an unaccustomed scale.所以可以看出文章大概可能仿佛似乎好象在说城市对艺术的资助以及艺术在这种环境下的发展以及对城市的影响．

　　３．下面开始读文章．读完第一段回想，本段讲了美国城市对公共场所艺术的支持，许多先驱艺术家都参与进来，然后现在许多城市都在建设，这又给了公共场所艺术一个发展的空间．

　　读完第二段回想，大概作者是在举具体的例子，谈到了雕塑和各城市里的艺术作品．（本段可能会考细节）

　　第三段回想，这里讲公共场所艺术对市民和艺术家的影响．好了，大概的框架建立了起来，同时Peter把具体的分析用括号括起来放在文章里．现在来看题．

　　43. According to the passage, new settings for public art are appearing as a result of      (A) communities that are building more art museums     (B) artists who are moving to urban areas     (C) urban development and renewal     (D) an increase in the number of artists in the United States. 答案C，我选D 解答：看看Peter的第一段的３秒回想，城市建设方面，具体句子是With many cities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging  for the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings,  (10)plazas, parks, and transportation facilities，然后其实后边也有一句对应的：The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places:综合起来我们肯定是选C.

　　49. The word “executing” in line 28 is closest in meaning to  (A) judging (B) selling (C) explaining  (D) producing 答案是D，我选的C 解答：哈哈，来招牌菜了，我们来分析这个题．Indeed, cities are providing artists with an opportunity to communicate with a new and broader audience. Artists are  recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account  when executing their public commissions. They are working in new, often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale.好的，OK现在从后句来分析，后句They are working in new, often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale和前句是解释关系，也就是同义的，那么我们直接拿来用，They are working 和executing their public commissions对应，好了，去答案里可以直接把producing挑出来了，因为artists的work就是创造，和评判，卖，解释关系不大（其实卖也是artist的工作，但是公共的艺术，在本文和金钱无关）好了，Peter再次赖皮了是不？又没有分析主考词executing，不过既然能选对，不分析这个词不犯法吧，哈哈．（这也是红宝书上的词．）

　　50. According to paragraph 3, artists who work on public art projects are doing all of the following　EXCEPT：         

　　(A) creating artworks that are unusual in size  　　　(B) raising funds to sponsor various public projects     　　(C) exposing a large number of people to works of art (D) using new materials that are long-lasting. 答案B，我选的D。可以用Peter说的定位方法，

　　(A) creating artworks that are unusual in size＝on an unaccustomed scale

　　(B) raising funds to sponsor various public projects(C) exposing a large number of people to works of art＝recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces  (D) using new materials that are long-lasting. ＝durable  好了，ACD排除了之后，可以选B了．

　　其他几篇文章：

　　阅读：

　　Questions 1-9: Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon  out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then  came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within  days, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system's most intriguing（我读到这里就认为这个词有很大的嫌疑考猜词．） worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. （前面看不懂没关系，看到了resembling先大笑三声，大概就是cracks in an eggshell）And this analogy is not far off the mark.  The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of   craters indicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap(再笑吧，我们现在知道surface 像Earth's Antarctic ice cap). The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers  thick -a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encases   a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forces   generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around   Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat  keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on   Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. （这里不管你能不能看懂中间，这最后一句打死也要明白，因为它在解释鸡蛋壳上的＂裂痕＂Peter估计这里可能会有考题） Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of  Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface  ocean might harbor life.（老生常谈了！） Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the     material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal     Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.  During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa's ocean may have been liquid  right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.

　　1.  The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to（果然，就是考了猜词，这个我不是骗人，我读到那里就觉得要考猜词了．这种你绝对认识但是一时说不明白什么意思的词绝对高频！！！）

　　(A) changing (B) perfect (C) visible (D) fascinating 这道题没猜对，应该是D，我选的C，看到后面有visible

　　解答：我把这个句子拿下来再看：. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within  days, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system's  most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away.好了，现在再来分析，你应该可以看出Peter拿了这个词的前后两句，其实不止两句，最好头脑里现在想着这篇文章在说什么．开始作者说从astronomy textbook statistic到close-up images是想表达什么意思？以前关于欧罗巴的资料只是数据，现在已经有了图象，那我现在就认为这个intriguing可能有＂真实，准确，栩栩如生，生动，＂等意思，继续往下看，was transformed-in our perception说明可能生动，栩栩如生这方面的意思可能更多一点，现在看后边的句子，好了，看到了surprise，可以大笑三声了，因为可以体会出??拉出去弊了，那么就请比较perfect和fascinating这两个词哪个可以表达我上边分析的含义，你可以发现perfect强调完美，而后者有allure吸引的含义，你是永远不可能把perfect和surprise 联系起来的，也不可能把perfect和生动联系起来，所以这个题绝对是D．

　　注意：你可以看出Peter在分析这个题的时候完全没看intriguing那个词和句子，不过你如果背过红宝书，相信你连分析也不用，就直接选了D，我还能记得这个词在word list22,或者２３不信你去找找．

　　8.  According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Europa?

　　(A) They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing. (B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa's surface. (C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa. (D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.  答案是A，我选的是D

　　解答：答案在这里：The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forces   generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around   Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. 这里has been kept warm不就是They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing吗？

　　9   According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa's surface?

　　(A) A long period of extremely high tides (B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice (C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice  (D) Heat generated by the hot rocky core 答案是B，我选的C

　　解答：呵呵，Peter又一次准确预测了考试题，看来我可以去出题了．这里就是问鸡蛋壳上的＂裂痕＂water or slush oozes from below.，这里你选C可能就是看到了slush，其实这词啥意思我也不知道，但我认识water，而且要注意water是要from below而不是on top，而且这个continous　pressure也不对吧．

　　Questions 30-39    

　　Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over several millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them    not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding,  sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented  their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. （从物质生活讲到文化生活）All this they  shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and　beauty.Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic  forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written. But on  reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture,or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the    struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form.Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The essentialdifference is that a speech event is an evolving communication,（重要区别） an “emergent form,” the  shape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the  course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer's competence in both areas. It is this intense mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance.Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers a tradition of performances. （对比型文章）

　　34. What is the main point of the second paragraph?   

　　(A) Public performance is essential to verbal art.     (B) Oral narratives are a valid form of literature.    (C) Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art.    (D) The production of literature provides employment for many artists.  答案是B，我选的是C

　　解答：黑体的是第二段，先把A和D拉出去弊了，与本段无关，其实C也可以直接弊了，因为本段没涉及到Native American，所以不可能是C.我们来看第二段： Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written. But……好了，看到这里足够了，这是本段主题句，这个句子是说原以为文学只是写出来的，＂但是＂用来进行转折，那我们很容易就能明白作者是说口语也是一种文学的形式．做主题的关键是抓住主题句，同时排除无关内容．将排除法和直选法结合起来．

　　35. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?

　　(A) It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia. (B) Its main focus is on daily activities. (C) It is based primarily on scientific knowledge.  (D) It is reshaped each time it is experienced.   答案是D，我选的A 这篇没看懂

　　解答：这题是个crazy test，就是乱序题，乱序题唯一的难度就是不好找，找到了基本就做出来了，但是如果我们能对全文结构有一个深刻的了解，我们应该可以找到出处．先把C 扔掉，明显是凑数的选项．A也可以扔掉，因为偷换了概念，作者在说nature of the Native American literature ，那么它一定要有Native American 的特性，不是问的起源，这一定要明白．BC都有道理，就看哪个可以直接由文章infer了， For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them    not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding,  sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented  their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. 这里可以看出作者把periods of time和metaphysical understanding,联系在一起，于是就可以放心的选D了．

　　37. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?   

　　(A) It involves acting.(B) It has ancient origins. (C) It has a set form. (D) It expresses an inner vision.　答案是C，我选的D，找不到定位

　　解答：这种题要反过来定位，就是把题干的核心词和每一个选项加在一起定位．也就是最多定位三次，（答案是A定位一次就OK）这个你自己试着定位看看，我这里只给出对应的词或者短语：(A) It involves acting.＿performance　(B) It has ancient origins.＿Asia 　(C) It has a set form.没发现，不但没发现，还找到了相反的＿evolving　(D) It expresses an inner vision.＿dreams and visions。