IBT阅读中的推理题备考分析和托福阅读十种题型详解及方法论 托福阅读十种题型详解及方法论 要点： an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700， 当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾： 经验：第1， 第5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错 第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习 剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中 技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找 排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项 千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案， 是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true 技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段 正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说 技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系 5. Vocabulary Questions 大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般来说， XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远] 技巧：代词， pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义 7. Sentence Simplification Questions 并不是每一篇文章都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个 8. Insert Text Questions 不是每篇阅读都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个 技巧：从文章结构下手， structure; 从逻辑下手， logic 尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句， 例子：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意，你插入的语句，一定要承上启下，即对前面的语句负责，又对后面的语句负责 新托福，总要有他新的地方，阅读方面，第9， 第10种类型的题目，就是他新颖的地方，也是比较难的2种题目 9. Prose Summary Questions 正确的答案， will synthesize major ideas in the passage 你将会碰到6选3的情况， 最低得分0分，最高得分2分：选择0正确答案，或者1个正确答案，0分；选择2个正确答案，1分；选择3个所有的正确答案，2分 做这种归纳的题目，最重要的是，你要通篇的阅读，不能偷懒 根据我的经验， 技巧有2点：1.区别例子和主旨， 例子是用来说明主旨的，例子不是主旨； 2. 局限性的答案一定是错误的， 主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了 10. Fill in a Table Questions 这种题目，就是题目给了你几个空，让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置，需要通篇阅读，不简单 关键是你要明白几种关系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships,arguements, and the like. 也可以称作文章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution,cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), andthe like 在真实考试的时候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text. 知道这10个题目的类型，剩下的就是方法论，methodoly的问题，我们怎样针对这10种题型，在平时的学习和阅读当中，可以的训练自己： 主旨：最好的培养阅读的方法，就是多去阅读，而且要阅读各种不同题材的文章，科学的，社科类的， 艺术的，商务的，等等等等。还有一点需要特别强调的，就是阅读的那些文章，需要是学术的文章，不能是乱七八糟的随笔 IBT阅读中的推理题备考分析 一、推理题的标志 推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。 二、推理题的做法 对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。 对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路： 1.一般对比推理 ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。 例如： It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? &<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like. &<61;There were great numbers of them. &<61;They lived in the sea only. &<61;They did not leave many fossil remains. 根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。 2.时间对比推理 这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 例一： Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth…. …It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. … It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution (A)families were larger. (B)population statistics were unreliable. (C)the population grew steadily. (D)economic conditions were bad. 工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了，那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此(A)为正确答案。 例二： Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927? (A) They were truly “silent.” (B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras. (C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices. (D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions. 1927年前后形成对比。既然1927年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音，那么1927年之后的电影一定有。所以(C)为正确答案。 例三： “…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …” Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century? &<61;They did not smoke when they were burned. &<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned. &<61;They were not available to all. &<61;They contained sulfuric acid. 问题：关于19世纪以前的蜡烛，从第一段可以推出下列哪一点？ 这道题的题干中有“19世纪以前”这一时间，由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世纪带来了大量新发现和发明，使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化，所有人都能用蜡烛照明。” 根据“时间对比推理”思路，由于19世纪以前的情况与19世纪形成对比，而19世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明，那么在19世纪之前，并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项 “They were not available to all”表达了这一意思，为正确答案。 3.集合概念推理 集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加；反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。 例一： A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada…. By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing. 22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada? (A) They value folk cultures. (B) They have no social classes. (C) They have popular cultures. (D) They do not value individualism. 原文谈到folk culture 和popular culture两种文化，它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它们就有popular culture。因此(C)为正确答案。 例二： Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war. (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation. 文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以(B)为正确答案。
IBT阅读中的推理题备考分析和托福阅读十种题型详解及方法论的延伸阅读——托福阅读一次通过秘诀 1 ，快速阅读： 平时进行大量的快速阅读。 可选的阅读材料有：时间，“新闻周刊”，经济学家，中国日报，21世纪等。 因为托福考试与时代紧密相连，具有一定的时效性，所以报刊文章为泛读的首选。阅读报刊文章应选择一般性的题材，如科普，社会问题，学术观点性的文章，而政治，军事，尖端科技的文章可以略过。采取的阅读方式为快速阅读。 2 ，难句突破： 在精读和做托福试题时，将复杂的难句摘抄出来，然后分析句子结构，彻底消化难点。虽然托福阅读中不可能有原句重现，但是难句的结构是基本不变的。 3 ，词汇强记： 词汇量不够，应进行词汇突击。托福考试的词汇量约为6000~8000词。词汇量小也是导致阅读理解速度慢的重要因素。 4 总结技巧： 注意分析阅读理解的套路，总结解题技巧。如果个人复习情况不佳，可以根据自己的实际情况选择合适的辅导班。
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