托福语法技巧:条件句类型2 if从句中的动词用一般过去时,主句中的动词用条件时态: If I had a map I would lend it to you. 我要有地图就借给你。(但我没有地图。句子的含义是指现在。) If someone tried to blackmail me I would tell the police. 如果有人企图敲诈我,我就向警察告发。(但我想不会有人敲诈我。句子的含义是指将来。) 第一类和第二类条件句之间并不存在时间上的差别。像第一类条件句一样,第二类指的是现在或将来; if从句中的过去时不是真正的过去时,只是一种虚拟语气,表示不真实(如上述第一个例子)或不大可能(如上述第二个例子)。 类型2有以下用法: 1 所假设的事与已知的事实相反时 If I lived near my office I’d be in time for work. 要是我住的离办公楼近,我上班就不会迟到。(但我不住在办公楼附近。) If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house. 如果我是你的话,我就会在房子周围种一些树。(但我不是你。) 2 说话人认为从句中的动作不会发生时: If a burglar came into my room at night I’d scream. 要是半夜三更窃贼闯进我的房间,我就会拼命叫喊。(但我不认为会有窃贼闯入我的房间。) If I dyed my hair blue everyone would laugh at me. 要是我把头发染成蓝色,大家就要笑我了。(但我不想染它。) 有些if从句可以有上述两种含义中的一种: If he left his bicycle outside someone would steal it. 要是他把自行车放在外面,会有人把它偷走。 If he left his bicycle可以意指可他没有(如上述 1中的用法,指的是现在)或他没这么打算(如上述2中的用法,指的是将来)。但真正的含义通常从上下文中可以看清楚。 这种语义混淆可以通过使用were/was+不定式而不用上述类型2中的一般过去时来避免。 if he/she/it were可以代替 if he/she/it was,而且被认为是更正确的形式: If he were to resign…相当于: If he resigned… 他万一(果真)要辞职的话…… If I were to succeed…相当于: If I succeeded… 我竟然(果真)会成功的话…… were的这种用法主要见于相当正式的句子里。 if he/she/it was+不定式在日常口语中是可以的,但是如上例所示那样使用过去时态更为常见。 3 有时类型2可以用做类型1的替代形式,表示完全有可能实现的计划和建议。这种用法颇易引起混淆: —Will Mary be in time if she gets the ten o’clock bus? —No,but she’d be in time if she go the nine-thirty bus./No, but she’ll be in time if she gets the nine-thirty bus. —如果玛丽赶上10点钟的公共汽车,她会及时到达吗? —不会的,但是如果她赶上9点30分的汽车,她就会及时到达。 —We’ll never save£ 100! —If we each saved£ 10 a week we’d do it in ten weeks./If we each save £10 a week we’ll do it in ten weeks. —我们永远攒不了100英镑! —要是我们每人每周储蓄十英镑,我们在十周后就会做到。 以类型2的形式表示建议要比以类型1的形式有礼貌些,就如同用would you表示要求要比will you更有礼貌一样。但学生不必在类型2的这种用法上花过多工夫。 基本形式可能的变化形式 1 主句的变化 (a)可以用might或could而不用 would: If you tried again you would succeed. 要是你再试一试,你会成功的。(可靠的结果) If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再试一试,可能会成功。(可能的结果) If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的号码,就能给她打电话。(能力) If he had a permit he could get a job. 要是他有许可证的话,就可以找到工作。(能力或允许) (b)可以用条件时态中的进行时而不用其一般时: —Peter is on holiday;he is touring Italy. —If I were on holiday I would/might be touring Italy too. —彼得在休假,他在意大利旅游。 —如果我在休假,我也会(可能)在意大利旅游。 (c)希望表达过去自动的或习惯性的反应时,可以在if+过去时后再跟一个过去时。注意:这里的过去时具有过去的含义: If anyone interrupted him he got angry. 如果有人打扰他,他就会生气。(每当有人打扰他时) If there was a scarcity of anything,prices of that thing went up. 如果什么物品短缺,那种物品的价格就会上涨。 (d)当if用来表示as或since的时候,主句中可能用各种时态。这里if+过去时态具有过去的含义。这种句子并不是真正的条件句。 —The pills made him dizzy.All the same he bought/has bought/is buy-ing some more. —If they made him dizzy why did he buy/has he bought/is he buying more? —那种药使他头晕。尽管如此,他还是又买了一些/又再买了一些/还要再买一些。 —如果那些药使他头晕,那他为什么还买了/买/还准备再买? —I knew she was short of money. —If you knew she was short of money you should have lent her some./why didn’t you lend her some? —我知道她缺钱。 —如果你知道她缺钱,你应该借给她一些。/你为什么不借给她一些? 2 if从句的各种变化 有时不用if+一般过去时,而可以用下列各种时态: (a)if+过去进行时 (We’re going by air and)I hate flying.If we were going by boat I’d feel much happier. (我们准备乘飞机去而)我讨厌乘飞机。要是我们乘船去的话我会感到愉快得多。 If my car was working I would/could drive you to the station. 要不是我的车坏了,我会开车送你去车站的。 (b)if+过去完成时 If he had taken my advice he would have heen a rich man now. 如果他听了我的劝告,他现在会是一个有钱人了。 |
新东方托福网络课程推荐>>
新东方托福