新托福考试核心语法讲解23 第二节 介宾短语 介词不能单独使用,而必须和其他词连用,这些词称作介词的宾语,它们共同构成的介宾短语常在句中作状语,作名词的后置定语,有时作某些动词的宾语补足语 考点一 名词作介词宾语 大部分介词的宾语都是由名词(包括代词)充当的,如:under the tree, during the day, 这一考点在题中多次出现 例题: (1) The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for ----with which to regulate them. (A) more accurate than sundials (B) more accurate sundials (C) sundials more accurately (D) more accurately than sundials 答案:B 解释:search for缺少宾语, 只有B是表达无误的名词词组, 可以作宾语;其他选项的比较形式都有错。 (2) Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long. 应改为:in length. 解释:long 是形容词, 不能单独接在介词之后, 其名词形式length与in构成介宾短语, 表示长度 考点二 动名词作介词宾语 名词作宾语时,之后不能再接宾语,这一缺陷可由动名词弥补。 如:before doing the job , after getting back 改错题中常把应该用动名词作宾语的地方误用为名词或不定式,需留心陷阱 例题: (1) The Conestoga wagon, used for to carry heavy loads over long distances, originatedaround 1725 in a region of Pennsylvania occupied by the Conestoga Indians. 应改为:carrying. 解释:不定式不能作for的宾语, 改为动名词即可 (2) Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae ----harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates. (A) does not (B) but does no (C) except (D) without 答案:D 解释:harming 是动名词形式, 因此要求前面的词是介词或可接动名词的动词. A B 可首先排除; C 虽是介词, 但与句意不符. (3) Mary Ann Hardy was known for her skill to paint miniature watercolor portraits on ivory. 应改为:in painting 解释:后置定语修饰名词,什么方面的技能,不能用不定式。 新托福考试核心语法讲解的延伸阅读——新托福语法技巧 if从句中的动词用过去完成时,主句中的动词用条件完成时。这种句子所指的时间是过去;所提出的条件是不可能实现的,因为if从句中的动作在过去并未发生。 If I had
known that you were coming I would have met you at the air-port. 要是我早知道你要来的话,我就会在机场接你了。(但我不知道,所以我也没去。) If he had
tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier. 要是他当时试图离开这个国家,他就会在边界被阻拦。(但他并未这样做。) 基本形式可能的变化形式 1 可以用could或might而不用would: If we had
found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们会把他救活的。(能力) If we had
found him earlier we might have saved his life. 要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们可能会把他救活的。(可能性) If our
documents had been in order we could have left at once. 要是我们的证明文件都齐备的话,我们那时就能够马上走。(能力或允许) 2 可以用条件完成进行时: At the time
of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car,because Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him
in front.If Tom’s boy had not been there I would
have been sitting in front. 事故发生的时候,我坐在车子的后座,因为汤姆的小儿子坐在前边他的身旁。要是汤姆的孩子没坐在那里的话,我就会坐在前面了。 3 可以在if从句中用过去完成进行时: I was
wearing a seat belt.If I hadn’t been wearing one I’d have been seriously injured. 我当时系了安全带。要是没有系上的话,我就会受重伤了。 4 可以把类型2和类型3结合起来: The plane I
intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed.If I had caught that plane I would be dead now/I would have been killed. 我原想赶乘的那架飞机坠毁了,所有乘客都遇难身亡。要是我赶上了那架飞机,我也就没命了/我就会摔死了。(类型 3) If I had
worked harder at school I would be sitting in a comfortable office now;I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets. 要是在上学时学习再努力一些,我现在就会坐在舒适的办公室里,而 不会是在扫大街了。(但我上学时不努力,因而我现在在扫大街。) 5 had可以位于句首并省略if: If you had
obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.相当于: Had you
obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened. 要是你当时服从了命令,这场灾难就不会发生了。
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