2015年6月大学英语六级阅读综合练习及解析(1)

　　Paper--More than Meets the Eye

　　A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.

　　B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.

　　C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.

　　Paper from Wood

　　D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.

　　E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.

　　F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.

　　G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!

　　H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.

　　I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.

　　J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.

　　Paper from Rag

　　K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.

　　L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.

　　M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.

　　1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.

　　2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.

　　3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.

　　4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.

　　5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.

　　6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.

　　7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.

　　8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.

　　9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.

　　10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.

　　文章精要

　　本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。

　　1.B

　　根据题干中的信息提示词corn—flake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，该部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜.

　　2.C

　　根据题干中的信息提示词soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。

　　3.D

　　根据题干中的信息提示词final product，可将答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的产品来源于纤维素纸浆。

　　4.D

　　根据题干中的信息提示词white paper and card，可将答案定位到D段，该部分最后提到为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。

　　5.E

　　根据题干中的信息提示词essential for the tree，可将答案定位到E段，该部分提到木质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。

　　6.F

　　根据题干中的信息提示词lignin，可将答案定位到F段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。

　　7.G

　　根据题干中的信息提示词acid，可将答案定位到G段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤其不利。

　　8.F

　　根据题干中的信息提示词lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因为该段提到，如果在纸张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道，去除了木质素的纸张价格必定会更加昂贵。

　　9.K

　　根据题干中的信息提示词cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，该部分告诉我们，尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素，但它们要比木制的纸贵很多，这是因为棉花和破布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。

　　10.M

　　根据题干中的信息提示词Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。

　　分门别类识别文体

　　随着信息时代的到来，阅读内容更趋于信息化、时代化，突破了单一的故事、寓言等题材，内容涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等，文章的体裁也从记叙扩大到产品说明、逻辑推理及实际应用等文体。不同的文体阅读的要求与方法不尽相同。

　　记叙文阅读主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系、表现，从中分析他们思想品质、性格特征等;议论文是阐明作 者对人或事的好坏的立场观点，因此在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据，理清论证思路，再进行逻辑推理得出结论;应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括 通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简历，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格、地址、网址等，对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章内容。

　　统览全篇摘录要点

　　阅读理解是对整个文章的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度以及内在的逻辑关系的理解，而不是断章取义的一孔之见，所以统览全篇和问题是很有必要的，这些问题会给你提供信息或暗示文章中的一些重要细节。

　　如2002年本市中考试卷C篇阅读并回答问题中，通过对全篇的布局谋篇以及问题的设置看到的不是片言只语，而从中感悟到人文思想的体现，人类和自然界生态相辅相成的关系，从而得出第6小题：From the passage，we learn that ______. 答案为B：

　　The rainforest people have done some- thing to protect their home.

　　在统览全篇的同时要注意要点的摘录，因为一些显性的答案是可以从要点中直接回答，而隐性的答案则是要通过对全篇的理解才能得出。统览全篇，摘录要点亦有利于检查时节省时间。

　　开动脑筋推测词意

　　初中英语学科教学基本要求规定，学生能根据上下文推测词义，并能不借助词典读懂含有3%生词的语言材料，换言之，这就是促使学生的知识内化的过程，学生要通过知识内化将内隐的心理活动转换为外显的行为。

　　根据上下文猜测词意

　　如闸北区2003年中考模拟题，阅读B篇中p assed away，根据上文的An illness had kept the boy home和下文写给Rick的信中可以猜测出意为“去世”。

　　根据构词法猜测词意

　　前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。

　　后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。

　　后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如c alculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，sci- ence、scientist，art、artist等。

　　用知识和生活经验理解短文

　　如根据化学知识，可以理解科普读物Water is made from oxygen and hydrogen.;根据生活经验可以理解Green plants let out oxygen and breathe in carbon dioxide.。根据逻辑推理理解短文

　　逻辑推理实际上就是文章的“弦外之音”、“言下之意”。如闸北区中考模拟卷阅读C篇回答问题中，根据Have the police taken your driving licence away，too?可以推断问题6：Why was the other man riding a bicycle instead of diving a car?的答案为：Because the police had take his driving licence away.。

　　再如Then they cam e to the second picture. The assistant was going to draw the cloth ashe did before.As soon ashe touched the cloth，he cried，″Wonderful It's the best picture I have ever seen!″据此可以推断出第二张画画的是一块布。

　　条分缕析理解长句

　　长句是初中生阅读理解的难点之一，长句中通常包含并列、复合、倒装等结构，对于这类句子要分清主次，先找出句子的主、谓、宾、定、状、补，再找出修饰它的从句或短语等。如，Parents whose children show a special interestina particular sport have a difficult decision to make about their children's career.，先找出本句的主、谓、宾为Parents have a cision.，再找出修饰语W hose children show a special interestina particular sport为Parents的定语从句，difficult修饰decision，to make about their children's careers为不定式做decision的定语。经过分析，化整为零，化繁为简，此句就不难理解了。

　　选词填空解题技巧

　　选词填空主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括基础知识的掌握和运用，对整个文章逻辑联系的理解，在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力，这是大部分考生认为难度最大的考查项目。有些考生的听力基础知识部分做的还比较好，但是选词填空却只能做对一两道，有的甚至对选词填空产生了恐惧心理，导致 全军覆没。其实只要我们有信心，有良好的心理素质，再加上一定的技巧，选词填空并不是不可逾越的鸿沟。

　　平心静气不急不躁

　　对完形填空心存恐惧，是导致失误的根本原因，有些考生满脑子的畏难思想，殊不知这种情绪只会使得自己的全部思想游离题外，根本无法进入思维，还谈何理解文章的内容呢?所以，集中思想、树立信心、平心静气、去除杂念才是做好完型填空题的保证。

　　浏览全文把握大意

　　浏览全文能获得更多的上下文提供的信息，并根据文章的内在逻辑意义、贯穿文章始终的主线以及作者行文的走向，把握文脉，调整并定位自己的解题思路，从而做出最终的判断。如在Compuer一文中，作者贯穿文章始终的主线为Computers are important for human beings，但到了最后，作者笔锋一转，提出Are you afraid if computers can really think one day?作者的行文走向是一种担心和忧虑，所以读者既要善于听话听音，也要把握准文脉，及时调整、定位自己的思路，就会发现上述问题的正确回答应该是 Yes，we are afraid.。

　　识别短语注意搭配

　　一类短语是由动词+介词，或动词+副词构成，在现代英语中，这类词组很多而且实用性强、结构简练、使用灵活、表达生动，如break the ice，look forward to，keep an eye on，catch one's eye等;还有一类使用极广的是介词短语，如with regard to，ina blink of，on everyone's lips，at the age of等。如果平时能注意词组、短语的整体记忆，掌握它们的搭配规律，在做完型填空时就能得心应手，减少失误，提高完型填空的命中率。

　　运用语法理顺关系

　　语法知识是指导完型填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章。完型填空题实际上是“形断意不断，貌离神不 离”，正如藕断而丝连，语法规则起到“牵动荷花带出藕”的功效。如介词后的代词必然是宾格;物质名词一般不用复数;形容词必须放在不定代词后;行为动词的 否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成;情态动词只能与不带to的动词连用等。

　　如黄浦区2003年中考模拟试卷中的完型填空题第3小题：I was the happiest boy in the world，填入的词逻辑根据为happy，语法根据为最高级，因为前一个词是the，后面是in the world短语，即在一个范围内进行比较，应用形容词的最高级，因而推断出该词为happiest;再如该项的第6小题，挖空处为don't，因为行为动词的否定式应由助动词构成，而且主语是I，因此得出该词为don't。

　　遇到难词反复默念

　　有时会遇到这样的情况，大部分词都填出来了，只有一、两个难词绞尽脑汁仍不得要领，如果考试时间允许，不要轻易放弃，要穷追不舍，先从语法角度考虑，再从 逻辑角度考虑是否有隐含意思、作者的情感以及背景文化和习俗等。有时句子好像什么也不缺，读上去很完整，就必须考虑，很可能缺的就是连词and，副词 then、always、som etimes等，如果还未填出，应反复默念几遍，有些词就会悄然而至，在你的记忆中浮现出来。