1990年1月大学英语六级(CET-6)真题试卷(二)

Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)

Questions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage.

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.

Labour’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.

To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignment. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor”, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working time.

21.   Though labour worries about the effect of automation, it does not doubt that ________.

A) automation will eventually prevent unemployment

B) automation will help workers acquire new skills

C) automation will eventually benefit the workers no less that the employers

D) automation is a trend which cannot be stopped（D）

22.   The idea of the “improvement factor” (Line 6, Para. 3) probably implies that ________.

A) wages should be paid on the basis of length of service

B) the benefit of increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers

C) supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promoted

D) the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers（B）

23.   In order to get the full benefits of automation, labour will depend mostly on ________.

A) additional payment to the permanently dismissed workers

B) the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivity

C) shorter working hours and more leisure time

D) a strong drive for planning new installations（C）

24.   Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation.

B) Labour and the effects of automation.

C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation.

D) Social benefits of automation.（B）

Questions 25 to 30 are based on the following passage.

The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.

But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out-often encouraged by college administrators.

Some observers say the fault! Is with the young people themselves-they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that’s a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We’ve been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.

Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy (异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.

25.   According to the passage, the author believes that ________.

A) people used to question the value of college education

B) people used to have full confidence in higher education

C) all high school graduates went to college

D) very few high school graduates chose to go to college（B）

26.   In the 2nd paragraph, “those who don’t fit the pattern” refers to ________.

A) high school graduates who aren’t suitable for college education

B) college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis

C) college students who aren’t any better for their higher education

D) high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college（C）

27.   The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because ________.

A) young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at college

B) many young people are required to join the army

C) young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education

D) young people don’t like the intense competition for admission to graduate school（C）

28.   According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that ________.

A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates

B) high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education

C) too many students have to earn their own living

D) college administrators encourage students to drop out（A）

29.   In this passage the author argues that ________.

A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduates

B) college education is not enough if one wants to be successful

C) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning people

D) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don’t go to college（A）

30.   The “surveys and statistics” mentioned in the last paragraph might have shown that ________.

A) college-educated people are more successful than non-college-educated people

B) college education was not the first choice of intelligent people

C) the less schooling a person has the better it is for him

D) most people have sweet memories of college life（A）

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist’s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

31.   It is implied that fifty years ago ________.

A) eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

B) twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers（D）

32.   According to the passage, with the development of modern industry, ________.

A) factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in number

B) there are as many middle-class employees as factory labourers

C) employers have attached great importance to factory labourers

D) the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased（D）

33.   The word “dubious” (L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means ________.

A) valuable

B) useful

C) doubtful

D) helpful（C）

34.   According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is ________.

A) less importance than awareness of being a good employee

B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations

C) more important than employer-employee relations

D) more important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization（A）

35.   From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________.

A) to be more successful in his career

B) to be more specialized in his field

C) to solve technical problems

D) to develop his professional skill（A）

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence (发生率) of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.

This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.

36.   Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” not a mere academic question?

A) Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.

B) Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

C) Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.

D) Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.（D）

37.   The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in ________.

A) the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation

B) the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequently

C) the fact that people working at night are often less effective

D) the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers（B）

38.   The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be ________.

A) to change shifts at longer intervals

B) to have longer shifts

C) to arrange for some people to work on night shifts only

D) to create better living conditions for night workers（C）

39.   It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because ________.

A) body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates

B) body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back

C) the temperature reverses when the routine is changed

D) people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently（D）

40.   Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A) Body temperature may serve as an indication of a worker’s performance.

B) The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.

C) Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.

D) Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.（B）