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考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年part1

2012-3-4 19:35| 发布者: as2113711| 查看: 97| 评论: 0

摘要: 考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年part1  If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite s ...

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年part1


  If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.

  What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b)winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d)none of the above.

  Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

  This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

  Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.

  1. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

  [A] stress the importance of professional training.

  [B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.

  [C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

  [D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

  2. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2)most probably means

  [A] fun.  [B] craze.   [C] hysteria.  [D] excitement.

  3. According to Ericsson, good memory

  [A] depends on meaningful processing of information.

  [B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

  [C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

  [D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

  4. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that

  [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

  [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

  [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

  [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

  5. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

  [A] “Faith will move mountains.”   [B] “One reaps what one sows.”

  [C] “Practice makes perfect.”    [D] “Like father, like son.”

  Unit 14(2007) Part 1

  试题解析:

  1.【正确答案】【C】

  【解析】结构题,题干中的“is mentioned to”表明本题是结构题。本题考查考生对文章第一段内容的理解。题干中的信号词是“soccer player”,出自文章第一段第一句话中。文章第一段提到检查足球运动员的出生证明时指出,你最可能发现一种引人注意的巧合——优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月,第二段接着指出,什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?随后介绍了几种猜测。这说明,提到生日现象是为了引出本文的主题。C为正确选项。第一段中没有提到专业训练,所以A属于无中生有;本文是通过检查世界杯上的足球运动员而得出“生日”现象的,说明B属于本末倒置;文中并没有提到某些足球队比其他足球队表现更好,所以D与文意不符。

  2. 【正确答案】【B】

  【解析】词义题,题干中的“most probably means”表明本题是词义题。本题考查考生对文章第二段内容的理解。题干中的信号词出自文章第二段最后一句话中。文章第二段首先指出,什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?接着提到了一些猜测,其中的c)指出,热爱足球的父母更可能在春季怀孕,随后提到了该词所在的句子。这说明,该词可能与“soccermad”的意思相近。B是对该词的同义替换,为正确选项。A和C是误解了该词的意思;D不准确。

  3. 【正确答案】【A】

  【解析】细节题,题干中的“According to Ericsson”表明本题是观点细节题。本题考查考生对文章第三、四段内容的理解。题干中的信号词是“Ericsson”和“memory”,出自文章第三、四段。文章第三段提到了有关记忆的试验,第四段介绍了埃里克森有关记忆的结论——记忆过程是一种认知练习,不是一种本能练习;了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程,而有意练习需要的不只是简单地重复一个任务,它涉及到确定明确的目标、获得即时反馈以及注重方法与结果。这说明,他认为,好的记忆力依赖于人们对信息的有目的应用。A为正确选项。B和C明显与文意不符;不准确;与有关的信息是第一段第四句话,而这个假设被一项研究证实是错误的,所以B不对;D是在解释有意练习,与题目的要求不符。

  4. 【正确答案】【D】

  【解析】细节题,题干中的“Ericsson and his colleagues believe”表明本题是观点细节题。本题考查考生对文章最后一段内容的理解。题干中的信号词是“Ericsson and his colleagues”,出自文章最后一段。文章最后一段介绍了埃里克森和他的同事有关成就优秀者的研究,指出,他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论——成就优秀者几乎总是培养的,不是天生的。D为正确选项。A和C与文意相反;B与最后一段第二句话的意思不符。

  5. 【正确答案】【C】

  【解析】主旨题,题干中的“closest to the message the text tries to convey”表明本题是主旨题。本题考查考生对全文内容的理解。文章通过足球运动员的出生证明引出了本文的主题,随后的段落解释了这种现象,得出的结论是,成就优秀者几乎都是后天培养的,而不是天生的。这说明,本文主要讲的是,优异成就是后天习得的,不是天生的。C为正确选项。A、B和D都是误解了文意。

  全文翻译:

  如果你打算检查2006年世界杯锦标赛上所有足球运动员的出生证明,那么你最可能发现一种引人注意的巧合:优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你检查进入世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话,那么你会发现这种奇怪的现象甚至更明显。

  什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?下面是一些猜测:a)某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能;b)冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力,这提高了踢足球的耐力;c)热爱足球的父母更可能在春季(每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期)怀孕;d)以上各项都不是。

  安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一位58岁的心理学教授,他说,他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一点。埃里克森在瑞典长大,他一直在研究核工程,直到他认识到,如果他转向心理学领域,他会有更多机会从事自己的研究。他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的,与记忆有关——训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字,然后复述这些数字。“在接受大约20个小时的训练后,第一个试验对象(复述)的数字组合从7个上升到20个,” 埃里克森回忆说。“该试验对象不断进步,在接受大约200个小时的训练后,他复述的数字已经达到80多个。”

  这次成功,连同后来证明“记忆本身不是遗传决定的”研究,使得埃里克森得出结论——记忆过程是一种认知练习,不是一种本能练习。换句话说,无论两个人在记忆力方面可能有什么样的天生差异,这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信,了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。有意练习需要的不只是简单地重复一个任务。相反,它涉及到确定明确的目标、获得即时反馈以及注重方法与结果。

  因此,埃里克森和他的同事开始研究广泛领域的成就优秀者,包括足球。他们收集了能够收集的所有资料,不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料,还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论——我们通常称为才能的特征被高估了。或者,换句话说,成就优秀者(无论是在记忆还是手术方面,在芭蕾还是计算机编程方面)几乎总是培养的,不是天生的。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年part1的延伸阅读——复习英语要讲究技巧

 一,重视单词。
  从第一天开始复习到考试的前一天,考试大纲词汇就应不离手,因为这是一切的基础。考试大纲是命题专家出题的依据、基础,所以考生一定要重视。背单词时,可以总结同义词、一词多义以及包含“高级”短语的句子,然后跟同桌的研友们对话,或者“厚颜无耻”地主动向他们“炫耀”,同时也坚持参加英语辩论活动,把自己最新积累的词句一一“亮”出,这样考生会感觉记得特别牢固。

  二,日积月累。
  作为一门语言,充满了繁琐与细节的,想一口吃成大胖子是不太现实的,必须耐心地积累“量变”以求“质变”。学习英语的时间安排也是有规律可循的,如果你一天安排3个小时学英语,那么与其一鼓作气学3个小时倒不如改成上下午各1.5小时。持续学习、及时复习才能收到较为理想的效果。可以参照着名的“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”来合理安排时间,最大限度地降低遗忘率,以获得较好的学习效果。

  三,研读真题。
  历年考研英语全真试题是了解考研水平的最快途径,也是熟悉命题规律的唯一途径。所以要在老师的指导下分阶段复习考研英语真题。找一个安静的环境,先用一周的时间做一套真题,做完后,对自己的错题先看一下怎么错的,错在哪里,能不能解决。剩下的时间要分析题型,也就是看这些题目是属于细节题、推理题,还是主旨大意题……当复习完十年的真题,建议考生放20天左右的时间,重新再做真题,分析自己的做题思路,考前一个月适当做些高质量的模拟题练练手。另外,希望考生真题至少看三遍。第一遍先做,做完之后归纳总结错题的原因。第二遍主要精读文章解决单词句子翻译。第三遍前两遍的内容都要看。

  四,增加课外阅读。
  课外阅读在考研英语复习中占有重要地位,对提高成绩有很大作用,建议大家订一份《英语世界》杂志,阅读上面的文章,也会有不少收获。如果有条件,看看自己学校图书馆是否有这本书,有的话坚持看,肯定会有收获的!

   希望以上的介绍对2013的考研同学有所帮助,另外,大家在学习英语学习方法时,要从自身实际出发,选择真正适合自己的复习方法。 


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