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考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part4

2012-3-4 17:57| 发布者: as2113711| 查看: 114| 评论: 0

摘要: 考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part4  The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffe ...

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part4


  The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

  Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

  Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

  Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

  George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery,” he says, “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.”

  On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

  Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

  The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

  Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear … that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”

  16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.

  [A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain.

  [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.

  [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.

  [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.

  17. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

  [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

  [B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

  [C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

  [D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

  18. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.

  [A] prolonged medical procedures.    [B] inadequate treatment of pain.

  [C] systematic drug abuse.     [D] insufficient hospital-care.

  19. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 4, paragraph 7)?

  [A] Bold.     [B] Harmful.    [C] Careless.    [D] Desperate.

  20. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.

  [A] manage their patients incompetently.

  [B] give patients more medicine than needed.

  [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.

  [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.

  Unit 9(2002)  Part 4

  重点词汇:

  suicide(v.n.自杀)即sui+cide,sui词根=self,cide词根“切”=cut,于是“拿刀切自己”→自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。那么严重。与70年代相比,现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小很多。在欧洲,税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5,因此,即使原油价格发生很大的波动,汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显着。

  发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低,都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油,比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25%~0.5%。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。

  另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%。

  2. constitutional (构成的;体质的;宪法的)即con+stitut(e)+ion+al,con-前缀“一起”,stitute词根“建立”,-ion名词后缀,-al形容词后缀;名词形式为constitution(构成;体质;宪法)←con+stitut(e)+ion;动词为constitute(构成)←con+stitute。

  3. Principle(原理;信念)可把princi看作print(印刷),ple看作“倍数”(如quadruple、triple,参2002年Text 3),于是“反反复复印刷的东西”→原理(联想:地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理)。When a fellow says, “It isn't the money but the principle of the thing,” it's the money.当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时,那就是钱的问题。I

  4. foresee ?(v.预知)即fore+see,fore前缀“在前”(如forehead额←fore+head),see看,“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。

  5. sufficient (足够的)即suf+fici+ent;suf-前缀“在下”(=sub-,f前b变形为f),fici看作face面(元音字母替换),-ent形容词后缀,低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”;insufficient (不足的)←in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。

  6. mediation (仲裁,媒介作用)即medi+ation,medi(=middle)词根“中间的”,-ation名词后缀,文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词:medium(中等的;媒介;手段)←medi+um后缀。

  7. maintain (v.维修;维持;支持)即main+tain,main词根=hand,tain词根=hold

  8. prescribe (v.指示;开处方)←pre在前+scribe写,“在拿药之前写”→开处方。

  9. legitimate(合法的;v.合法)即legitim+ate,legitim词根“合法”(leg即词根“法律”),-ate后缀。

  10. homicide(n.杀人,杀人者)即homi+cide,homi词根“人”=human,cide词根“切”=cut。

  11. debate (v.n.争论,辩论)即de+bate,de-向下,bate词根“打”=beat,“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词:combat(v.n.战斗,格斗)←com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。

  12. ineffectual (无效的)←in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀,与ineffective意思相近但有区别,ineffectual强调“不起作用的”,ineffective强调“效率低的”。T

  13. hospice (收容所)可看作hosp(ital)+ice,医院里什么都没有,只有冰,于是就不能再叫医院了,叫“收容所”。

  14. predictably (可预言地)←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y,参prediction(2003年Text 1)。

  15. systematic (系统的;有计划的)←system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。

  16. incompetently(无能力地)即in+competent+ly,in-否定前缀,competent(有能力的),-ly副词后缀。

  17. define (下定义;限定)即de+fine,de-向下,fine词根“界限”。

  18. desperate (绝望的;不顾一切的)←desper+ate,desper同despair(v.n.绝望),-ate形容词后缀。

  19. morphine 吗啡(音译);

  20. well-meaning 善意的。

  难句解析:

  ① The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

  要理解本句,一定要抓住它的核心成分,主语是The Supreme Court's decisions,谓语是carry,宾语是important implications,后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。

  该句是本文的第一段,也是第一句,因此理解本句对全文的理解很有帮助。

  ②Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

  该句是一个复杂句,其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句,其主干是the court supported the medical principle of “double effect”,后面是一个对double effect进行说明的同位语,里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。

  本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect进行修饰的成分。

  ③Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

  该句的主语是Nancy Dubler,后面有一个修饰它的同位语,句子的谓语是contends,后面有一个宾语从句,其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。

  本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构,另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意是“调停,调和”,此处结合上下文,它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物,因此最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。

  ④On another level, many in the medical commUnity acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in Part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

  该句的主语是many,谓语是acknowledge承认,后面有一个宾语从句,用的是被动语态,而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。

  本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。

  ⑤It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

  该句的主语it,指代的是上文提到的NAS,谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something,宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”,后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。

  本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构,并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。

  试题解析:

  16. 【正确答案】[B]

  本题的答题依据是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”,即从法规上讲,在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的。

  17. 【正确答案】 [C]

  这是一道总括性的题,需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。这些信息较多地集中在文章的前三段:尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的,但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦,那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。

  18. 【正确答案】 [B]

  本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”,理解了该短语的意思,这道题也就迎刃而解了。

  19. 【正确答案】 [A]

  选择四个选项的考生人数比较平均。这道题考查考生根据上下文判断词义的能力。一方面考生对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解,同时要运用上下文的信息。

  20. 【正确答案】[D]

  有29.6%的考生选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中,Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾,无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评,认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”,并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。考生选择A的主要原因是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。

  全文翻译:

  最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命问题的裁决,对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说,具有重要的意义。

  尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以允许的。

  近年来,医生们一直在借用这项原则,为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希?都博勒认为,这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑,这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为,如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。

  波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治?安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术,”他说,“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人,尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生,只要你并没有想让病人自杀,你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。”

  另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

  就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡:完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让死亡期难堪”。

  “医疗行业采取步骤,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估,为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例,以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。

  安纳斯说,律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。”不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的,可预见的痛苦无动于衷“,乃至于已构成”蓄意虐待病人“。他说,行医资格理事会”必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡,可以推定,是由于医生处理不力造成的,应该因此吊销其从医资格“。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part4的延伸阅读——复习英语要讲究技巧

 一,重视单词。
  从第一天开始复习到考试的前一天,考试大纲词汇就应不离手,因为这是一切的基础。考试大纲是命题专家出题的依据、基础,所以考生一定要重视。背单词时,可以总结同义词、一词多义以及包含“高级”短语的句子,然后跟同桌的研友们对话,或者“厚颜无耻”地主动向他们“炫耀”,同时也坚持参加英语辩论活动,把自己最新积累的词句一一“亮”出,这样考生会感觉记得特别牢固。

  二,日积月累。
  作为一门语言,充满了繁琐与细节的,想一口吃成大胖子是不太现实的,必须耐心地积累“量变”以求“质变”。学习英语的时间安排也是有规律可循的,如果你一天安排3个小时学英语,那么与其一鼓作气学3个小时倒不如改成上下午各1.5小时。持续学习、及时复习才能收到较为理想的效果。可以参照着名的“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”来合理安排时间,最大限度地降低遗忘率,以获得较好的学习效果。

  三,研读真题。
  历年考研英语全真试题是了解考研水平的最快途径,也是熟悉命题规律的唯一途径。所以要在老师的指导下分阶段复习考研英语真题。找一个安静的环境,先用一周的时间做一套真题,做完后,对自己的错题先看一下怎么错的,错在哪里,能不能解决。剩下的时间要分析题型,也就是看这些题目是属于细节题、推理题,还是主旨大意题……当复习完十年的真题,建议考生放20天左右的时间,重新再做真题,分析自己的做题思路,考前一个月适当做些高质量的模拟题练练手。另外,希望考生真题至少看三遍。第一遍先做,做完之后归纳总结错题的原因。第二遍主要精读文章解决单词句子翻译。第三遍前两遍的内容都要看。

  四,增加课外阅读。
  课外阅读在考研英语复习中占有重要地位,对提高成绩有很大作用,建议大家订一份《英语世界》杂志,阅读上面的文章,也会有不少收获。如果有条件,看看自己学校图书馆是否有这本书,有的话坚持看,肯定会有收获的!

   希望以上的介绍对2013的考研同学有所帮助,另外,大家在学习英语学习方法时,要从自身实际出发,选择真正适合自己的复习方法。 


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