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考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part4

2012-3-4 17:12| 发布者: as2113711| 查看: 108| 评论: 0

摘要: 考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part4  What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America----breakthroughs such as the telegraph , the steamboat and the weaving machine?  ...

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part4


  What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America----breakthroughs such as the telegraph , the steamboat and the weaving machine?

  Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country ' s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors ; and above all the American genius for nonverbal , “spatial ”thinking about things technological .

  Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics ,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

  Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. ”

  A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. “this approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

  In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

  Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out , ” A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process . . . The designer and the inventor . . . are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. “

  This nonverbal ”spatial“ thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, ”The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. “

  When all these shaping forces--schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic , emulation . Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

  13. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to__

  (A)elementary schools (B)enthusiastic workers

  (C)the attractive premium system(D)a special way of thinking

  14 .It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics__

  (A)benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge

  (B)shed light on disciplined school management

  (C)was brought about by privileged home training

  (D)owed a lot to the technological development

  15. A technologist can be compared to an artist because __

  (A)they are both winners of awards(B)they are both experts in spatial thinking

  (C)they both abandon verbal description(D)they both use various instruments

  16. The best title for this passage might be__

  (A)Inventive Mind (B)Effective Schooling

  (C)Ways of Thinking (D)Outpouring of Inventions

  Unit 3(1996)Part 4

  重点词汇:

  breakthrough ?(n.突破)←break+through。

  premium(奖金)看作pre+mi+um,pre-在前,mi拼音”米“即money,-um后缀表物,”在前面放着的钱“→奖金。

  nonverbal(不用语言的)即non+verb+al,non-否定前缀,verb词根”言语“,-al形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。

  spatial(空间的)即spacial←spac(e)+ial。

  stimulus(n.刺激;刺激物)←stimul刺激+us名词后缀。参stimulant(刺激物;兴奋剂),1997年Passage 3。

  incentive (动机;鼓励a.激励的)←in+cent+ive,in-前缀,cent单词”分币“引申为”钱“,-tive后缀,”用钱去激励“。incentive — the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励——得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。

  beneficence(恩惠)←benefic+ence,benefic看作benefit,-ence名词后缀。

  emulation (竞争;仿效)

  难句解析:

  ① Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, ”spatial“ thinking about things technological.

  句首是介词词组among the many shaping factors作状语,谓语动词would single out后面用分号隔开的各个部分都是名词性的词组,这些词组都是single out的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology中that引导定语从句,修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological是后置定语,修饰前面的things。

  single out后面列举的各种因素都属于shaping factors,但是是作者认为比较重要的因素,其中要注意在最后一个因素前面加的修饰词组above all用来强调American genius for nonverbal, ”spatial“ thinking about things technological其实是要比其它因素更重要的,在阅读中一定要注意这一点。

  ②Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.

  这句话是比较容易理解的简单句。句子主干结构是observers related A to B。

  关键是理解relate… to的用法:把……和……联系起来。

  ③ A further stimulus to invention came from the ”premium“ system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.

  这是一个主从复合句,句子的主干结构是… stimulus came from…,其中逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句,修饰前面的”premium“ system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。定语从句中,and连接了两个并列的谓语动词:preceded和ran。

  关键要明白,定语从句中which指代前面的”premium“ system,是谓语动词preceded和ran的动作发出者。parallel:平行的,这里ran parallel with意思是两种制度都在运作。

  ④ Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

  句子的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs…,后面的动词不定式to admire and thus to renew都是表明flocked的目的的,作状语。

  句子的结构比较简单,关键是理解几个动词的层次关系:… flocked to admire… and renew…thus是副词,”因而“的意思。另外,renew their faith应该理解为”进一步加深其信仰“。

  ⑤ As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, ”A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process… The designer and the inventor… are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.“

  句子的主体部分是直接引语部分。直接引语中有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects…,其中that引导了定语从句:that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions,修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态,主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中,that引导定语that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。

  注意reduce… to的用法:reduce to这里的意思是”简化为,归纳为“;另外应该注意as yet的用法:as yet的意思是”指导此时,指导目前为止“,用在否定句和疑问句当中。

  ⑥Robert Fulton once wrote, ”The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.“

  句子的结构是Robert Fulton wrote+直接引语。直接引语中,句子的主干部分是The mechanic should sit down…like在这里是连词,意思是”in the same way as,如同,同样“,这里是构成比较。like a poet后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分:should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词作状语,表示伴随动作,其中them指代前面的letters。后面的which引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。

  理解这个句子的关键是理解like作为连词的用法。而且要明白which指代的是exhibition而不是thoughts,因为of词组an exhibition of his thoughts中的中心词是exhibition。

  试题解析:

  13. 【正确答案】[D]

  在作者看来,美国早期出现的发明创造热是由几个因素共同促成的,但是,在这些因素中,美国人在思考技术问题时所表现出的非语言的(指:无法用语言表达的)”空间“思维能力起了最大的作用。参阅第二段,持别注意本段中above all的使用。在文章最后三段,作者又对这种持殊的思维方式进行了进一步的、重点的说明。

  A意为:小学。B意为:充满热情的工人们。C意为:吸引人的奖励制度。[A]、[B]、[C]所谈的内容都是促成美国早期的发明创造热的因素,但都不是主要因素。

  14. 【正确答案】 [A]

  第三段指出,由于这些学校的存在,我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。可见,早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。

  B意为:解释了学校管理的严格性。C意为:产生于优越的家庭训练。D意为:在很大程度上归功于技术的发展。

  15. 【正确答案】 [B]

  第八段指出,这种非语言的”空间“思维在创造力方面可以与绘画和写作相比。正如Fulton所指出的:”正像诗人坐在字母中一样,技工应该坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,把它们看作自己思想的展现。在这个展现过程中,每一个新的排列方式都传达一种新的思路。“可见,进行形象的空间思维是这两种人的共同特征。

  A意为:他们都是获奖者。C意为:他们都放弃了语言的描述。善于进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言的表达。D意为:他们都使用各式各样的工具。

  16. 【正确答案】 [A]

  意为:创造精神。文章第一、二段是自问自答,提出了本文旨在论证的问题;第三、四段指出了教育的影响;第五、六段指出了奖励制度带来的鼓励的影响;第七、八段探讨了早期美国人特有的思维方式所起的决定性作用。最后一段是全文的总结。可见,本文主要探讨了早期美国人的创造热情及其根源。

  B意为:有效的教育。C意为:思维方式。D意为:发明热。可见,[B]、[C]、[D]都太抽象而且片面。

  全文翻译:

  在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出,这是什么原因呢?

  在诸多形成因素中,我想特别指出这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。

  为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校,我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写,并精通算术及部分几何和三角,这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。

  目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样,”由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑,美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。“

  推动发明的另一刺激因素来自”奖赏“制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法来自国外,为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。

  在美国,大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械,因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。

  有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的:”技术人员思考那些不能被简化成功用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工……设计者和发明者……能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。“

  这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道:”技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,如同一位诗人处在词汇之中,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。“

  当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互作用时,便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示”模仿“(取其仿效之意),而在早期美国,它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part4的延伸阅读——复习英语要讲究技巧

 一,重视单词。
  从第一天开始复习到考试的前一天,考试大纲词汇就应不离手,因为这是一切的基础。考试大纲是命题专家出题的依据、基础,所以考生一定要重视。背单词时,可以总结同义词、一词多义以及包含“高级”短语的句子,然后跟同桌的研友们对话,或者“厚颜无耻”地主动向他们“炫耀”,同时也坚持参加英语辩论活动,把自己最新积累的词句一一“亮”出,这样考生会感觉记得特别牢固。

  二,日积月累。
  作为一门语言,充满了繁琐与细节的,想一口吃成大胖子是不太现实的,必须耐心地积累“量变”以求“质变”。学习英语的时间安排也是有规律可循的,如果你一天安排3个小时学英语,那么与其一鼓作气学3个小时倒不如改成上下午各1.5小时。持续学习、及时复习才能收到较为理想的效果。可以参照着名的“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”来合理安排时间,最大限度地降低遗忘率,以获得较好的学习效果。

  三,研读真题。
  历年考研英语全真试题是了解考研水平的最快途径,也是熟悉命题规律的唯一途径。所以要在老师的指导下分阶段复习考研英语真题。找一个安静的环境,先用一周的时间做一套真题,做完后,对自己的错题先看一下怎么错的,错在哪里,能不能解决。剩下的时间要分析题型,也就是看这些题目是属于细节题、推理题,还是主旨大意题……当复习完十年的真题,建议考生放20天左右的时间,重新再做真题,分析自己的做题思路,考前一个月适当做些高质量的模拟题练练手。另外,希望考生真题至少看三遍。第一遍先做,做完之后归纳总结错题的原因。第二遍主要精读文章解决单词句子翻译。第三遍前两遍的内容都要看。

  四,增加课外阅读。
  课外阅读在考研英语复习中占有重要地位,对提高成绩有很大作用,建议大家订一份《英语世界》杂志,阅读上面的文章,也会有不少收获。如果有条件,看看自己学校图书馆是否有这本书,有的话坚持看,肯定会有收获的!

   希望以上的介绍对2013的考研同学有所帮助,另外,大家在学习英语学习方法时,要从自身实际出发,选择真正适合自己的复习方法。 


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