09雅思阅读实战训练(十)

　　new weapon to fight cancer

　　1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer， which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.

　　2. If successful， virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.

　　3. Leonard Seymour， a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University， who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US， will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour‘s pioneering techniques.

　　4. One of the country‘s leading geneticists， Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly， while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. In principle， you‘ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy， he said.

　　5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body‘s local immune system. If a cancer doesn‘t do that， the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour， viruses find them a very good place to be because there‘s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer‘s Achilles‘ heel.

　　6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. They replicate， you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process， said Prof Seymour.

　　7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. It‘s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours， which could be quite different to anything we‘ve had before.

　　8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.

　　9. Prof Seymour‘s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body‘s immune system， effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body‘s immune system destroying them on the way.

　　10. What we‘ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it‘s a stealth virus when you inject it， he said.

　　11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour， it replicates， but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour， the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body‘s immune system.

　　12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers， called metastases， which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. There‘s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases， said Prof Seymour.

　　13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus， which normally causes a cold-like illness， and vaccinia， which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons， both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial， but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.

　　14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours， in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed， eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses， before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments， Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.

　　Questions 1-6

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

　　1.Virus therapy， if successful， has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.

　　2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.

　　3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.

　　4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.

　　5.To infect the cancer cells， a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.

　　6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors

　　Based on the reading passage， choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.

　　7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found

　　on TV

　　in magazines

　　on internet

　　in newspapers

　　8.To treat tumors spreading out in body， researchers try to

　　change the body’ immune system

　　inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.

　　increase the amount of injection

　　disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.

　　9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates， the copies

　　will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.

　　will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.

　　will be immediately recognized by the researchers.

　　will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.

　　Questions 10-13

　　Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.

　　NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.

　　In the first clinical trials， scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia， so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers

　　List of Words

　　dosage responding smallpox virus

　　disable natural ones inject

　　directed treatment cold-like illness

　　kill patients examined

　　Answers Keys:

　　1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful， virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。)

　　2.答案：TRUE (见第3段，特别是最后一句： Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour‘s pioneering techniques. )

　　3. 答案：NOT GIVEN (文中没有提到virus可以抑制肿瘤细胞再生长)

　　4. 答案：TRUE (见第5段第3、4句： 这里“cancer’s Achilles‘ heel”指 “If you can get a virus into a tumour， viruses find them a very good place to be because there‘s no immune system to stop them replicating.” Achilles‘ heel的意思是“唯一致命弱点”)

　　5. 答案：FALSE (见第6段第第1句：Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer.)

　　6. 答案：TRUE (见第7段：Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drug. ……， which could be quite different to anything we‘ve had before. )

　　7. 答案：B

　　8. 答案：D (见第9段第1句：Prof Seymour‘s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body‘s immune system， …… “mask”的意思是“掩盖、隐蔽、伪装”， 在这里和 “disguise”同义。)

　　9. 答案：B (见第11段第2句： If they escape from the tumour， the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body‘s immune system.. “mop up”这里与 “wipe out” 同义，意思是“消灭、歼灭”。)

　　10.答案：disable (见第13段最后1句：For safety reasons， both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial， but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )

　　11. 答案：natural ones (见第13段最后1句：For safety reasons， both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial， but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )

　　12. 答案：dosage (见第14段第1句：The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours， in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed.)

　　13. 答案：directed (见第14段最后1句：Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments， …)

　　雅思阅读的题型一直是考生比较关注的问题，分析认为主要有以下两个原因：

　　1. 有相对简单和相对费时的题型;

　　2.每个考生都有自己擅长的和较害怕的题型。具体来说：对于词汇不足的考生可能最害怕段落标题匹配题及摘要归纳填空题;对于词汇量较大的考生来说，是非无判断题，段落标题匹配题和摘要归纳填空题可能是比较简单的。选择题和其它匹配题是相对来说比较费时的，所以大部分考生都很害怕这类题型。

　　那么，面对上面所提到的这些情况，考生应该在题型方面怎样备考呢?

　　首先，专家认为考生必须从心理上准备迎接所有的题型，在备考中要尽可能喜欢所有题型。有的考生会一次次地祈祷：“希望这次考试不要有选择题或段落细节信息定位题!”这样做，其实是无形中给自己制造了负面的影响。考试题型不是我们所能预料和控制的，一旦有了上述心理，很有可能一看到题型就慌了，一开始就没有一个好的状态。还有一部份考生喜欢跟着考题回忆和机经走，看到上次考了什么题就在备考中只关注那些题型。考题回忆和机经可以看看，但只能做参考，考生千万不要被它们所左右。否则就是自己给自己制造障碍。

　　其次，考生必须对各类题型的题型特点和答题注意事项了如指掌。雅思阅读考试时间之短，文章之学术性，题量之大，题型之多等特点决定了考生势必会感觉时间不够。考生要在有限的时间内答完所有的题并尽可能地保证较高的正确率确实不是一件容易的事情。考生除了要有一定的词汇量和阅读速度之外，常见的雅思阅读技巧和解题策略是必须的。而解题策略很多时候是建立在考生熟悉题型特点的基础之上的。比如说，考生拿到一篇文章绝不是从第1题接到13题，而是应该分析各组题型的特点和难易，由易到难。同样，考生也可以根据3篇各自的题型来初步判断哪一篇的题型可能对自己比较有利，那篇可能较难，以便能灵活地采取合适的策略。

　　最后，专家建议考生在考前进行练习时，不要光做套题，而应该偶尔穿插一些专题的练习，重点练习自己没什么把握的题型。注意练习时时间的掌控是很重要的，不要给自己30分钟完成6道是非无，那样不能达到训练的目的，不能保证良好的效果。