王楠楠:雅思阅读中非谓语动词主要类型总结
Ⅰ动词不定式: 动词不定式的时态和语态 1)构成:(以动词“do”为例) 主动态:一般式"to do";完成式"to have done";进行式"to be doing";完成进行式“to have been doing” 被动态:一般式"to be done";完成式“ to have been done" 否定式:not+不定式 2)不定式的时态: ①不定式的一般式表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。 He seems to know her address.(:=It seems that he knows her address.) I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’11 see you again.) ②不定式的进行体表示的动作正在进行,与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。其用法主要有以下几种情况: a 常用在"appear,happen,pretend,seem,hope,promise"之后。 She pretended to be listening attentively. Tom appeared to be living in this area. I hope to be earning my living in a year’s time.(I hope 1 will/would be earning my living) I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out. b 常用在"believe,consider,suppose,think,know,report,say,understand"等动词的被动式之后。 He is thought/known/believed/said/supposed to be living in this area = People think/know/ believe/ say/suppose that she is living abroad.[据认为(据知,据信,据说,据猜测)她住在国外。] [注]“be supposed to”通常含有“应该”意思,表示一定的责任和义务。 You are supposed to know how to use a computer=You should know how to use a computer. You are supposed to have been studying=You should have been studying. Students are not supposed to cook in their dormitory=Students shouldn’t cook in their dormitory. 3)不定式的完成体: ①用于表达发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作或状态,也可以表达预计在将来某一时刻之前完成的动作或状态。 I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble.) We’re leaving at five o’clock in the morning,and hope to have done most of the journey by lunchtime. ②不定式完成进行体主要用于“appear,seem,happen,pretend"等之后,也可用于"believe,know,report,say,understand"等动词的被动式之后。 He appears to have been waiting for a long time. He is believed to have been waiting for a message. [注]不定式的完成进行体与不定式的完成体略有不同,试比较: He seems to have eaten the apples.(苹果已被吃光。) He seems to have been eating the apples.(苹果尚未完全吃光。) ③不定式的完成体还可以表达本该发生却未发生的事情常带这种不定式的谓语动词有:“pretend,intend, appear,seem,should like,expect"等。 I meant to have telephoned you,but I forgot. 4)不定式的语态: ①在不定式之前能找到不定式所表达的动作的执行者时,此不定式用主动态;反之则用被动态试比较: We found the article hard to understand.(“understand”的执行者是“we”.) He is reading the article to be published tomorrow.(“punish"之前没有执行者。) ②有时动作执行者(for sb.)不出现,也要用主动态。It is easy to do.(“It”既是主语,又是“do”的宾语,“to do”前省略了“for sb.”) 类似的还有:It is impossible to get there. ③在"there be"结构中,不定式既可以用主动态,又可以用被动态。 There is no time to lose/to be lost.(时间紧迫不能耽误了。前后意义无差别。) There b nothing to do/to be done.(没事可干/无能为力。前后意义有差别。) ④习惯上用“to let(出租)”,“to blame(责怪)”的主动形式表示被动意义。 Nobody was to blame for the accident.(这场事故不能怪任何人。) Tom asked her if she had any rooms to let.(汤姆问她是否有房要出租。) Ⅱ.分词 分词既具有动词的一些特征(可以有自己的逻辑宾语),又具有形容词(可以作定语、表语、宾补、主补)和副词(状语)的特征。 (1)分词的时态和语态 1)构成:(以动词“do”为例) ①现在分词的构成(V-ing): 主动态:一般式(doing);完成式(having done) 被动态:一般式“being done;完成式(having been done) 否定式:一般式(not doing/not being done);完成式(not having done/not having been done) [注]“V-ing”分词的被动态结构表示它的逻辑主语是"V-ing"分词所表示的动作的承受者。 The problem being discussed is of importance. Having been invited to speak.I’ll start making preparations this evening. ②过去分词的构成(V-ed): 只有一种形式(done),表示被动意义已完成了的动作或状态。1 Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance. My taxes having been paid the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning. 2)时态(只有现在分词才有时态形式的变化): ①现在分词的一般式表示动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He came to visit me,bringing his girl friend with him. Hearing the good news,she burst into laughing. ②现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。 Having finished her homework,she went to bed. Having worked in the fields for two hours.they had a rest. Ⅲ.动名词 动名词既具有动词的一些特征(允许有自己的宾语),又具有名词的一些特征(可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等)。 王楠楠:雅思阅读中非谓语动词主要类型总结的延伸阅读——雅思阅读备考技巧与方法,两全其美网校城编辑与你总结分析
雅思阅读的题型一直是考生比较关注的问题,分析认为主要有以下两个原因: 1. 有相对简单和相对费时的题型; 2.每个考生都有自己擅长的和较害怕的题型。具体来说:对于词汇不足的考生可能最害怕段落标题匹配题及摘要归纳填空题;对于词汇量较大的考生来说,是非无判断题,段落标题匹配题和摘要归纳填空题可能是比较简单的。选择题和其它匹配题是相对来说比较费时的,所以大部分考生都很害怕这类题型。 那么,面对上面所提到的这些情况,考生应该在题型方面怎样备考呢? 首先,专家认为考生必须从心理上准备迎接所有的题型,在备考中要尽可能喜欢所有题型。有的考生会一次次地祈祷:“希望这次考试不要有选择题或段落细节信息定位题!”这样做,其实是无形中给自己制造了负面的影响。考试题型不是我们所能预料和控制的,一旦有了上述心理,很有可能一看到题型就慌了,一开始就没有一个好的状态。还有一部份考生喜欢跟着考题回忆和机经走,看到上次考了什么题就在备考中只关注那些题型。考题回忆和机经可以看看,但只能做参考,考生千万不要被它们所左右。否则就是自己给自己制造障碍。 其次,考生必须对各类题型的题型特点和答题注意事项了如指掌。雅思阅读考试时间之短,文章之学术性,题量之大,题型之多等特点决定了考生势必会感觉时间不够。考生要在有限的时间内答完所有的题并尽可能地保证较高的正确率确实不是一件容易的事情。考生除了要有一定的词汇量和阅读速度之外,常见的雅思阅读技巧和解题策略是必须的。而解题策略很多时候是建立在考生熟悉题型特点的基础之上的。比如说,考生拿到一篇文章绝不是从第1题接到13题,而是应该分析各组题型的特点和难易,由易到难。同样,考生也可以根据3篇各自的题型来初步判断哪一篇的题型可能对自己比较有利,那篇可能较难,以便能灵活地采取合适的策略。 最后,专家建议考生在考前进行练习时,不要光做套题,而应该偶尔穿插一些专题的练习,重点练习自己没什么把握的题型。注意练习时时间的掌控是很重要的,不要给自己30分钟完成6道是非无,那样不能达到训练的目的,不能保证良好的效果。 |