王楠楠:雅思阅读中独立主格的构成类型和语法功

独立主格结构是一种复合结构，在句中作状语。独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等在逻辑上有主谓关系。

I．构成类型

(1)名词／代词+分词：

It being Sunday，you needn’t go to work．

This done，he locked the door and went home．

He sat in front of them，his dusty face masking his age．

(2)名词／代词+不定式：

I send you today three-fourths of the sum，the rest to follow within a month.

The two parties reached an agreement on basic principles，the details to be ironed out(调解)later．

(3)名词／代词+形容词：

The floor wet and slippery，we stay outside．

The children were watching the magic trick，their eyes wide open．

(4)名词／代词+副词：

School over，the students ran out of the class．

Dinner over，the family scattered to their various haunts．

(5)名词／代词+介词短语：

We came out of the classroom，hand in hand．。

The teacher entered the classroom，a book under his arm．

(6)There+being+...:

There being no bus，we had to walk home．

(7)With／without+名词／代词+分词(不定式／副词/形容词/介词短语)：

Without anyone noticing，I slipped through the door．

The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green．

With these help him，he tried to finish the work．

Ⅱ．语法功能

(1)时间状语：

All the members having arrived，the meeting was declared open．

The report having been read, a lively discussion began．

With a lot problem solved，the manage left the office．

(2)原因状语：

There being no bus．we had to walk home．

so many people being absent，the meeting had to be called off．

All the money having been spent，Jack startled looking for work．

(3)条件状语：

With the tree growing tall，we got more shade．

The murderer was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back．

He sat in front row，his mouth open，his head thrust forward so as to miss any word.

(4)方式、伴随状语：

With the tree growing tall，we got more shade．

The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.

He sat in front row，his mouth half open, his head thrust forward so not to miss any word.

(5)对比, 补充说明：

We went shopping，he reading in the bed.

We a11 went home, he remaining behind.

The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home, stomachs crying fro food, backs burning from too much sun, and legs stiffening from sitting.

　　雅思阅读的题型一直是考生比较关注的问题，分析认为主要有以下两个原因：

　　1. 有相对简单和相对费时的题型;

　　2.每个考生都有自己擅长的和较害怕的题型。具体来说：对于词汇不足的考生可能最害怕段落标题匹配题及摘要归纳填空题;对于词汇量较大的考生来说，是非无判断题，段落标题匹配题和摘要归纳填空题可能是比较简单的。选择题和其它匹配题是相对来说比较费时的，所以大部分考生都很害怕这类题型。

　　那么，面对上面所提到的这些情况，考生应该在题型方面怎样备考呢?

　　首先，专家认为考生必须从心理上准备迎接所有的题型，在备考中要尽可能喜欢所有题型。有的考生会一次次地祈祷：“希望这次考试不要有选择题或段落细节信息定位题!”这样做，其实是无形中给自己制造了负面的影响。考试题型不是我们所能预料和控制的，一旦有了上述心理，很有可能一看到题型就慌了，一开始就没有一个好的状态。还有一部份考生喜欢跟着考题回忆和机经走，看到上次考了什么题就在备考中只关注那些题型。考题回忆和机经可以看看，但只能做参考，考生千万不要被它们所左右。否则就是自己给自己制造障碍。

　　其次，考生必须对各类题型的题型特点和答题注意事项了如指掌。雅思阅读考试时间之短，文章之学术性，题量之大，题型之多等特点决定了考生势必会感觉时间不够。考生要在有限的时间内答完所有的题并尽可能地保证较高的正确率确实不是一件容易的事情。考生除了要有一定的词汇量和阅读速度之外，常见的雅思阅读技巧和解题策略是必须的。而解题策略很多时候是建立在考生熟悉题型特点的基础之上的。比如说，考生拿到一篇文章绝不是从第1题接到13题，而是应该分析各组题型的特点和难易，由易到难。同样，考生也可以根据3篇各自的题型来初步判断哪一篇的题型可能对自己比较有利，那篇可能较难，以便能灵活地采取合适的策略。

　　最后，专家建议考生在考前进行练习时，不要光做套题，而应该偶尔穿插一些专题的练习，重点练习自己没什么把握的题型。注意练习时时间的掌控是很重要的，不要给自己30分钟完成6道是非无，那样不能达到训练的目的，不能保证良好的效果。