Well, I see that's all the time we have today. We'll have to leave discussions of the geographic areas these students study in until another time. Now you are going to hear the talk a second time. REPEAT THE TEXT You now have 3 minutes to check your answers to Questions 1 - 10. That is the end of Part C. You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. That is the end of Listening Comprehension. SECTION II: Use of EnglishRead the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, (1) _____ to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement.The survey of 643 children and adults, aged from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (2) _____ pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (3) ______ attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style.Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (4) ______ findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area (5) _______ she noticed that those pupils who had the most trouble with spelling (6) ______ had a poor pen grip. While Ms. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link (7) ______ pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, she (8) ______ find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (9) ________ between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing.People who (10) ______ their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (11) ______ inhibit learning, (12) _______ as poor posture, leaning too (13) ______ to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen (14) ______ than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure (15) ______ is being written.Ms. Thomas believes that the (16) ______ between older and younger writers is (17) ________ too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (18) ________. She attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between (19) _______ groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-olds showed a huge range of grips, (20) ________ the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip." SECTION III: Reading Comprehension Part ARead the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: salt is bad for you ? regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. "There is a direct relationship," US congressman Neal Smith noted, "between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death."Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. "All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary," Dr. Dustan insists. "For most of us it probably doesn't make much difference how much salt we eat." Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced."An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population," notes Dr. John H. Laragh. "So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense."Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable "moderation" in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal "low salt" exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that "we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension." In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress."It is not your enemy," says Dr. Laragh. "Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don't need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up." 1. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed[A] exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health.[B] cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders.[C] correlates highly with some diseases.[D] is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease. 2. From Dr. Dustan's study we can infer that[A] a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people.[B] the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with one's blood pressure.[C] the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient.[D] an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone. 3. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that[A] people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt.[B] doctors should not advise people to avoid salt.[C] an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease.[D] excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population. 4. The phrase "vocal ... exponent" (line 2, para. 4) most probably refers to[A] eloquent doctor.[B] articulate opponent.[C] loud speaker.[D] strong advocate. 5. What is the main message of this text?[A] That the salt scare is not justified.[B] That the cause of hypertension is now understood.[C] That the moderate use of salt is recommended.[D] That salt consumption is to be promoted. Part BIn the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 1 - 5, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A - F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
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