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2015年托福阅读材料:蹲便比坐便更健康

2015-5-22 10:54| 发布者: ayawei| 查看: 100| 评论: 0

摘要: 2015年托福阅读材料:蹲便比坐便更健康  It's one of the most taboo subjects there is to discuss.   这里讨论的是人人都忌讳的话题。   But one scientist has hauled poo in the limelight - and now ever ...
2015年托福阅读材料:蹲便比坐便更健康

  It's one of the most taboo subjects there is to discuss.

  这里讨论的是人人都忌讳的话题。

  But one scientist has hauled poo in the limelight - and now everyone's talking about it.

  但是,一位科学家将有关便便的话题拉到了公众视野,现在人人都在谈论它。

  Giulia Enders, a German microbiologist, claims that people in Western countries are emptying their bowels in totally the wrong way - and instead of sitting on the loo, we should be squatting.

  德国微生物学家茱莉亚•恩德斯称,西方国家的人们大便的方式完全错误---大便时不应坐着而应蹲着。

  

蹲便比坐便更健康!

  Her book, Charming Bowels, which has topped the charts in her native country for several weeks, explores a number of gut health issues, from constipation to bacteria.

  她的《美丽的肠道(Charming Bowels)》一书在德国已经连续几周登顶畅销书榜首,书中探究了便秘和细菌等一系列肠道健康问题。

  The overall message is that the gastrointestinal tract is 'the brain's most important adviser', affecting everything from mental to digestive health.

  整本书主要传递的信息是,胃肠道是“大脑最重要的顾问”,它影响人的精神和消化道的健康。

  But there are also practical gems, such as how to poo properly.

  除此之外,书中还探究了一些实用性的问题,比如,如何正确地大便。

  Sitting is in fact all wrong, and actually prolongs the process, explains Ms Enders, who is studying in Frankfurt for her medical doctorate in microbiology.

  “事实上,坐便是完全错误的方式,它实际上延长了大便的时间,”在法兰克福攻读微生物学博士学位的恩格斯解释道。

  It may also explain why haemorrhoids (piles) and painful bowel diseases such as diverticulitis are more common in the West than in Asia, she adds.

  她补充说,这也就可以解释为何在西方国家患肠道疾病(比如,憩室炎)以及痔疮的人比亚洲国家多。

  She said: '1.2 billion people around the world who squat have almost no incidence of diverticulitis and fewer problems with piles.

  她说:“全球12亿蹲便的人中几乎没有人患憩室炎并且也很少有人长痔疮。

  'We in the West, on the other hand, squeeze our gut tissue until it comes out of our bottoms.'

  “然而,我们西方人坐着挤压肠道组织,直到大便排出。”

  Instead, the correct way is to squat.

  其实,蹲便反而是正确的方式。

  Although you can climb on your toilet seat and squat, the kink can also be ironed out by sitting with your feet on a little stool and leaning forward.

  你可以爬上你家的马桶圈上蹲着,不过也可以坐在马桶上,然后给脚下垫一个小凳子,同时保持身体前倾,用这种方式实现蹲便。

  Ms Enders adds there is a wealth of research that shows squatting is a more effective way to evacuate the bowels.

  恩德斯表示,有大量研究表明蹲便是一种更加有效的排便方式。

  This is because the closure mechanism of the gut is not designed to 'open the hatch completely' when we’re sitting down or standing up: it’s like a kinked hose.

  之所以会这样,是因为在我们坐着或站着时,肠道的关闭机制不会“完全开放肠口”,就像一根打了结的软管。

  She explained: 'When you sit or stand, there's a muscle that goes around the end of the colon and it pulls, so there's a curve.

  她解释道:“在你坐着或站着时,有股力量会游走在结肠的末端,并且产生拉力,最后在结肠末尾会形成一个弯。”

  'When we're in a squatting position, and have a little stool in front of the toilet, then the angle is even and straight, so there's less pressure needed.'

  “而在我们采取蹲姿,或在马桶前放一个小凳子,双脚踩在凳子上时,肠道的角度就会变平、变直,排便时所需的力就少了。”

  'Squatting is far more natural and puts less pressure on our bottoms.'

  蹲便是更加自然的姿势,而且对我们的排便器官造成的压力也更小。

  Some experts claim we all used to squat - until the middle of the 19th century - and the demise of squatting is to blame for soaring rates of bowel and digestive issues.

  一些专家说我们人类过去常常是蹲便的,直到19世纪中期才发生变化,肠道和消化问题的剧增都是因为蹲便的消亡。

  As US-based doctor Joseph Mercola writes on his webpage: 'Infants instinctively squat to defecate, as does the majority of the world's population.

  美国医生约瑟夫•麦克拉在他的网页上写到:“婴儿本能地蹲着排便,世界上大多数人也是蹲便。”

  'But somehow the West was convinced that sitting is more civilized.'

  “但是,不知怎么回事,在西方,人们认为坐便更文明。”

  Vocabulary:

  haul: 用力拉到某处

  loo: 厕所,洗手间

  constipation: 便秘

  gastrointestinal: 胃肠的

  haemorrhoids: 痔疮

  diverticulitis: 憩室炎

  kink: (头发、绳索等)扭结

  colon:结肠

2015年托福阅读材料:蹲便比坐便更健康的延伸阅读——托福阅读快速解题法。

  托福阅读中完全可以不要熟悉原文,只要你会分析主谓宾,就可以选出。但是在托福阅读中这种方法只针对结构为总分结构的文章才有效(占50%的考题),需要特别注意。托福阅读中首先大家得知道这题主要考察的是文章的MAIN IDEA和文字的SUB IDEA,对文章的TOPIC没有一点解题关系。

  解题步骤:

  托福阅读第1步:区分TOPIC/MI(黑体句)

  TOPIC:概念/研究对象。(可从文章的题目看出)

  MI:作者对TOPIC的看法/结论/发现/关系/描述/意图。(仅对TOPIC做解释的选项通常是错的)

  托福阅读第2步:回原文定位MI.

  MI:前三段的段首或者段末出现。

  具有以下特点:a,转折句。(HOWEVER,BUT等) b,设问句。(自问自答) c,首段末句—》结论,科学发现。 d,因果句。 e,明显分类描述/明显数量概述/复数名词。

  托福阅读第3步:各段的首句/各段的开始部分—sub idea。

  4.筛选答案。(技巧)

  1).MI/SI的统一改写。(概括性语言)

  2).对MI的支持。支持:重现MI的完整关系,概念对应展开!

  3)分清主谓宾!重点!!!

  把给出的黑体字句子的主谓宾列出来~简单的列为xx(主语)+xx(谓语)+xx(宾语)。

  则可以把所有的MI句子写成一个数学的函数表示公式:

  MI: F(x)=A(x[主语])+B(x[谓语])+C(x[宾语])

  则那么所有的SI为MI公式的一个根:

  SI:F(1)=A(1[主语的分支])+B(1[谓语动词不变或者为同义词])+C(1[宾语不变])。

  则那么下面给出的6个选项只要按照SI的公式对应比较就能知道是否为正确答案,无需知道文章说了什么,只要分析选项的主谓宾是否是对MI的一个分支的扩展,并且造成的结果一样就能选出正确的答案了。

  例子:

  OG第一篇阅读:THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS的13-14题。

  这道题的MI黑体字句子是:this passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales,porpises,and dolphins.

  分析主谓宾可以知道:fossil(主语)+help to explain(谓语)+origins of cetaceans(宾)

  然后看答案。

  1.recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mamals and cetaceans.

  很容易的划出主干: fossils(主语的分支) +helped to show(谓语动词理解一样) +the link(宾语一致)

  所以1正确。

  2.the discovery of Axxxx provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

  划出主干:Axxx(化石,又是MI主语的分支)+ provided evidence (谓语动词理解一样)+宾语

  所以2也正确。

  5.fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。

  主干:fossils(MI主语的分支)+were found(因为找到所以提供的证据,帮助理解,和MI谓语动词理解一样)

  所以5也正确。

  在托福阅读当中,对于初学者来说最难的不是单词,而是考试时间不足,因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候,十分不适应托福的时间限制,有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题,所以在考前找到一个适合自己的托福阅读方法是至关重要的。


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