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2015年公共英语五级考试阅读资料(3)

2015-4-16 15:37| 发布者: ayawei| 查看: 70| 评论: 0

摘要: 2015年公共英语五级考试阅读资料(3)  Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand ye ...
2015年公共英语五级考试阅读资料(3)

  Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times-are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

  The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

  A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation-these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

  The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”-in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter-proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

  Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

        2015年公共英语五级考试阅读资料(3)的延伸阅读——公共英语考前心理调整方法。

  抑制法:有许多学生在临考前总担心怯场,怕自己会紧张。对此,考生可用抑制法来避免怯场或走神。其原理是,当大脑中一组神经元受到刺激后,会发出兴奋去刺激大脑皮层,产生思维活动。同时,它又会发出另一种兴奋,去抑制其他神经元的活动。运用抑止法的具体方法是,当考生拿到试卷后,只需冷静地思考试卷上的题目,不需多久,这种怯场或走神的心理干扰就自然会被抑止,进而调整机体步入最佳状态来完成考试。

  睡眠法:有些考生一接到试卷,由于昨夜不足,身体欠佳,或者因为怯场,导致发挥失常。此时不妨即卧在桌上,休息3至5分钟,以达到镇静的效果。这样做有利于中枢神经的协调,还能消除疲劳、紧张,使情绪稳定,思路敏捷。结果,使机体竞技状态从低谷走向高峰。

  牧羊法:有一些考生拿到试卷后,便忧心忡忡,导致植物神经系统紊乱,使交感神经系统过度紧张,迷走神经过度抑制。这时,考生可让思路象牧羊一样,任其在大草原上畅游。这样,有利于植物神经协调,从而摆脱困境,顺利迎考。

  化简法:以往,有很多优秀的考生一拿到试卷,就先把简单的试题消灭掉,再一步步地解决化简疑难的问题。因为一旦把简单的试题完成后,就能有效地稳定情绪,活跃思路,迅速提高反应能力。

  精神致胜法:怯场既产生于精神方面的原因,就必须依靠精神的力量来解决。考生要利用机体的调节系统,通过意念、言语改变中枢神经系统的兴奋性。如可以多次做深呼吸,双眼凝视一个目标,暗暗地对自己说“要冷静,不要紧张”,“我能考得很好”,“我不会做的题别人也不会”等等,以强化意志,战胜紧张。

  转移放松法:考生可采用转移注意力的方法,立即停止答卷。或者伏在桌上休息片刻,或者活动一下手、脚、头等部位,放松一下自己,也可请求监考老师批准出门喝口水或上厕所,通过暂时改变活动内容和环境,重新调整好情绪。如果因为遇到难题发慌,可先改做它题。


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